(The pentachloride is stable only below −50 °C, at which temperature it decomposes to the trichloride, releasing chlorine gas. The protonation steps between the arsenate and arsenic acid are similar to those between phosphate and phosphoric acid. This process does not produce any waste stream or sludge and is relatively cheap. One tool that maps the location (and other information) of arsenic releases in the United States is TOXMAP. First Ionization Energy of Arsenic is 9.8152 eV. These metabolic interferences lead to death from multi-system organ failure. Owing to its use by the ruling class to murder one another and its potency and discreetness, arsenic has been called the "poison of kings" and the "king of poisons".[46]. [52], In the Victorian era, "arsenic" ("white arsenic" or arsenic trioxide) was mixed with vinegar and chalk and eaten by women to improve the complexion of their faces, making their skin paler to show they did not work in the fields. [26] It oxidises readily in air to form arsenic trioxide and water, and analogous reactions take place with sulfur and selenium instead of oxygen.[25]. The study was widely criticised and subsequently refuted by independent researcher groups. Regardless of the method used, only constant monitoring can prevent future contamination. As a result, the adsorption of arsenic is reduced and dissolved arsenic accumulates in groundwater. [153], Although discontinued, this application is also one of the most concerning to the general public. Under oxidative environmental conditions some bacteria use arsenite as fuel, which they oxidize to arsenate. [115] In Pakistan, more than 60 million people are exposed to arsenic polluted drinking water indicated by a recent report of Science. The Chinese brake fern (Pteris vittata) hyperaccumulates arsenic from the soil into its leaves and has a proposed use in phytoremediation. (eds. [168] (0.5 ppb). An increased appreciation of the toxicity of arsenic led to a ban of CCA in consumer products in 2004, initiated by the European Union and United States. These epigenetic events have been studied in vitro using human kidney cells and in vivo using rat liver cells and peripheral blood leukocytes in humans. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, United States Environmental Protection Agency, United States National Library of Medicine, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)", Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, "Biogeochemistry of Arsenic in Contaminated Soils of Superfund Sites", "Final Report: Biogeochemistry of Arsenic in Contaminated Soils of Superfund Sites", "Fiche toxicologique nº 53: Trihydrure d'arsenic", "Arsenic: arsenic(II) sulfide compound data", "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2007: Arsenic", "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2016: Arsenic", "Cadet's Fuming Arsenical Liquid and the Cacodyl Compounds of Bunsen", "Electrodialytical Removal of Cu, Cr and As from Threaded Wood", "Trace Elements in Soils and Plants, Third Edition", "Arsenic: A Roadblock to Potential Animal Waste Management Solutions", "Questions and Answers Regarding 3-Nitro (Roxarsone)", "Phar Lap arsenic claims premature: expert", "Noncirrhotic presinusoidal portal hypertension associated with chronic arsenical intoxication", "Vascular Imaging of Solid Tumors in Rats with a Radioactive Arsenic-Labeled Antibody that Binds Exposed Phosphatidylserine", "Synthesis and characterisation of arsenic nanoparticles and its interaction with DNA and cytotoxic potential on breast cancer cells", "Arsenic Supply Demand and the Environment", "Microbial arsenic: From geocycles to genes and enzymes", "A Bacterium That Can Grow by Using Arsenic Instead of Phosphorus", "Absence of Detectable Arsenate in DNA from Arsenate-Grown GFAJ-1 Cells", "Epigenetics and environmental chemicals", "Arsenic Distribution and Speciation in the Fronds of the Hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata", "Biomethylation of Arsenic is Essentially Detoxicating Event", "Microbial Methylation of Metalloids: Arsenic, Antimony, and Bismuth", "Case Studies in Environmental Medicine (CSEM) Arsenic Toxicity Exposure Pathways", https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MvxnXOoFl20, "Arsenic cancer risk confounder in southwest Taiwan data set", "Arsenic in Groundwater in Selected Countries in South and Southeast Asia: A Review", "Arsenic in drinking water threatens up to 60 million in Pakistan", "Well Water Arsenic Exposure, Arsenic Induced Skin-Lesions and Self-Reported Morbidity in Inner Mongolia", "Arsenic in Drinking Water: 3. Typical densities of various substances are at atmospheric pressure.
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